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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WINDOWS TO GERMANS A QUALITATIVE, ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE QUALITIES OF A WINDOW

Speakers

by Betina Hauge, DTU (Technical University of Denmark), MSc (anthropology), PhD (sociology), HD(A)

 

 

This research project has investigated 17 households in Germany (cities and rural areas). The main aim was to learn about the significance of the window to these people: What they think of their windows, how, when and why they use them in their everyday life, if they have a favorite window and why, as well as the opposite. The report also includes a special focus on overheating and people’s strategies against this. Knowing about what people appreciate in a window and their actual practices and the reasons for their behaviour may be useful in many different ways, for instance to inform public strategies for overheating or to communicate with people in a more user informed way.

 

The people participating in the study lived in different houses and had different backgrounds. They were involved in the project over a period of 3-4 months. The prolonged participation was facilitated through a variety of ethnographic tools that required their involvement, such as making a diary of their heating experiences during a random week in the summer of 2014, taking photos of windows and sending postcards with specific tasks.

 

 

What do people appreciate most in a window?

 

The analysis uncovered the value attributes and general perceptions of what signifies ’the good window’ to the German participants. The window appears as much more than a functional tool used only to provide a view to the world or air out the home. Participants stress that the window must first and foremost safeguard against the weather outside, but their actions and statements also clearly show that the window is imbued with social and bodily qualities. By studying German window practices 6 topics were found, all reflecting what the window ’does’ for these people and, hence, what it signifies to them1:

 

  1. Daylight and types of light
  2. Following the sun and the seasons2
  3. View onto the world and into the home resp
  4. Staging the window: The sill, curtains, and decorations
  5. Taking part in life: The role of the window in social life
  6. Security & functionality

Naturally some overlapping occurs, but all topics were found among all informants.

 

When people talk about their windows and what the window means to them in their daily lives, a strong relationship between residents and the windows in their homes appear. The window gives people access to the world about them and the opportunity to stay in touch with the social life and the course of nature. By providing people with this access to the outside, the window enables people to bond with their environment. This is why we may talk about the ’social values of a window’, something that at the same time provides a safe, physical border to the outside, and a threshold people can control. It provides both distance and proximity to the surroundings. A few quotes from the German participants illustrate these qualities:

 

“Licht und Luft als erstes. Sicherheit, Öffnung, Verbindung nach außen. Schutz habe ich schon gesagt? Schutz. Hell.” (Ulrike R, Heidenheim)

 

“Ein Fenster gibt Licht, Luft und Ausblick. Lässt auch Anteil nehmen am Leben.” (Susanne T, Hamburg)

 

“Außenwelt, der Himmel, Geräusche, Luft, Licht.” (Uli D, Berlin)

 

The high status of the window in people’s lives relates a lot to the influx of daylight. Daylight is in great demand by the interviewees because, as they express, it contributes with:

 

  • life and energy, joy of life and inspiration, health and cleanliness (thereby reducing the risk of winter depression)
  • a daily and seasonal rhythm by being able to follow processes in the immediate surroundings through the provision of daylight
  • light to see by
  • character to the form and colour of the room.

 

In the eyes of the common German in the study, the ’good window’ has the following characteristics, prioritized as follows:

 

  1. must be able to withstand the climate and keep cold and damp out and function trouble free
  2. gives maximum daylight
  3. must match the style of the house and the rooms
  4. provides a view that is (preferably) beautiful or displays social activity and allows the resident to follow the course of the year and its seasons
  5. must be placed correctly, according to the size of the house and the heights of the residents
  6. must be openable (for ventilation and bodily sensation of fresh air) – and with various opening positions
  7. must be easy to maintain
  8. must function as a safe border to the world outside (the reason why the home owner wants control over the view in)
  9. has a window sill
  10. must not dominate the public room (must not have too large glass facades)

 

The above 10 characteristics show functional, bodily and social qualities of the window. One example that illustrates its social character is the use of the sill: Many referred to using the sill for placing objects the children had made, thus displaying an important part of the family life (children growing up).

 

 

The window’s ambiguity

 

Thoughts about the window are not always rosy. Informants are aware that the window may make them fragile; the possible entry way for a burglar; overheating the rooms due to too much solar radiation. Also, making good use of the window depends a lot on the context, as the following quotes show:

 

“Es wird schon geöffnet. Das hier wird tatsächlich auch zugemacht, weil die Frau Schweizer eine unglaublich laute Stimme hat. Die haben eine schwerhörige Katze. Du kannst dir das nicht vorstellen, wie dieses Vieh schreit und zwar vorzugsweise morgens zwischen fünf und sechs.” (Christine Z, Waiblingen)

 

Issues about maintenance and the window glass as fragile material also appear:

 

“Ist schlecht isoliert, ist vielleicht auch ein bisschen runtergekommen. Bei so Holzfenstern kann ja schon mal der Lack, die Farbe absplittern. Hat nicht so einen guten Verschließ-mechanismus, leicht öffenbar für Einbrecher. Im Prinzip immer das Gegenteil zu dem, was gut ist.” (Iris P, Langenfeld)

 

“Genau, es sieht aus wie Kalkflecken, aber in der Tat ist das Säure, die sich ein bisschen ins Glas reingefressen hat. Man sieht es wirklich, wenn man es weiß, man macht die Tür auf und manchmal im Winter beschlägt auch dann die Scheibe von außen so ein bisschen und dann siehst du es halt. Oder beim Putzen sieht man es und denkt immer, das muss doch abgehen. Aber das ist halt in der Scheibe. Das ist ganz ärgerlich.” (Silke K, Hamburg)

 

So the window contains an interesting duality: On the one hand, the window gives people the much-desired daylight and access to the external surroundings; on the other, making proper use of the window requires contextual knowledge on e.g. noise and where overheating occurs – both annoying precisely because residents cannot control them. The lack of control means that people create strategies for ventilation (to ventilate at the right time to avoid noise or polluted air) and for solar shading to reduce overheating problems. Furthermore, the window is associated with certain risks and maintenance issues. Still, the positive qualities of the window by far override the negative qualities.

 

 

The window as a threshold

 

Another form of duality is seen in people’s desire for a view out but not a view in:

 

“Negativ ist natürlich auch der Einblick in die Wohnung. Es ermöglicht Fremden in die Wohnung einzublicken. Es öffnet meine Wohnung für Fremde. Aber vom Negativen war es das eigentlich auch schon. Klar, es zieht natürlich auch Wärme an, aber Wärme ist ja auch im Sommer nicht unbedingt negativ. Kann ich mich ja gegen schützen.” (Kathrin M, Köln)

 

The statement illustrates people’s need to protect themselves against (a sense of) being watched. It stresses the importance of the window’s function as a threshold. Overheating is something less concerning since measures against it may be taken, making people more in control here. Naturally measures against people looking into the home could be taken too, but the prospect of being watched by a potentially malicious person is by far more concerning than the heat coming from an innocent sun. Also, the sun provides people with the much desired daylight and people may be more willing to compromise with overheating, such as accepting a higher room temperature rather than drawing curtains that take away the daylight (and view), precisely because of their pleasure in daylight.

 

The border between outside and inside is a central issue for people, and also indicates their concern with large shards of glass. It is well-known that windows can be seen as the eyes of a house, and too big windows may in fact prompt the idea of being watched by outsiders. It goes both ways: Another study found that bypassers felt uncomfortable if they came too close to large glass facades in a house. This was based on a concern that residents, sitting behind the windows, might feel they were prying. Thus it is possible to say that large glass facades may challenge the border between house/window and the surroundings.

 

 

The window’s relation to well-being at home

 

The study shows that the window is important to the informants’ experience of well-being in their own homes. The well-being people refer to is primarily linked to the window’s importance to the body and senses – as described in themes 1. Daylight, and 2. Following the sun and seasons – as a provider of daylight and a view. This is why the window also involves bodily qualities, like sensing the wind and weather, smells and sounds from the outside. Special practices associated with the window, illustrated e.g. by statements about the importance of the window for following the seasons, the pleasure of making small displays in the windowsill or using it as a play area, further demonstrate the status of the window in people’s lives and that it even has an identity-creating aspect; ‘show my your windowsill, and I‘ll tell who you are’.

 

But the window is about much more than well-being, enjoying a view and practical use in the everyday life. The window has a direct bearing on the knowledge people acquire, for example about the course of the sun (and using this knowledge to reduce overheating), the importance of the seasons for growing plants in the windowsill, and for decorating the home. People do not decorate and furnish their homes purely in terms of getting maximum sunlight, but also to avoid being dazzled by glare or preventing the furniture or rugs from fading. This is why it can be said that the sun and daylight – and thereby the window – anchor people in the world they inhabit as active human beings engaged in constant interaction with their surroundings. So the window embraces a complex set of diverse meanings, with overriding positive connotations and a high status among the informants as a window onto the world.

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4th VELUX DAYLIGHT ACADEMIC FORUM DEDICATED TO PhD STUDENTS WORKING WITH DAYLIGHT RESEARCH

VELUX Daylight Symposium 21

97 PHOTOS FROM 7TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM IN BERLIN

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“Healthy and sustainable buildings with daylight and fresh air” by Johannes Schwörer

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THE 6TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM CONFIRMED SPEAKERS

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"The Colour(s) of the Sky - Bridging the Theory and Practice" by Aicha Diakite

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DAYLIGHTING: workplace of the future

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"Daylight levels in Swedish buildings as a base for modernized regulations" by Marie-Claude Dubois

Daylight 2007 Lisaheschong (3)

DAYLIGHTING AND STUDENT PERFORMANCE by Lisa Heschong

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"Designing in Natural Light" by Hugh Dutton

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Koen Steemers at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

Green Solution House

DAYLIGHT IN THE GREEN SOLUTION HOUSE

Daylight Research Post2

GET FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO YOUR DAYLIGHT RESEARCH

Thumbnail Speaker Marilyne 1920X1080
Affordability

Why does Daylight Matter? | Marilyne Andersen

Daylight 2009 Rolfgerstlauer

DAYLIGHT, SUSTAINABILITY AND HEALTH IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION by Rolf Gerstlauer

MA 1280 E1491910490538

7th VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM OFFICIAL PROGRAMME

Marcus Fairs, Lorenzo De Simone, Mary Parsons And Dana Behrman On Quality
Quality

Marcus Fairs, Lorenzo de Simone, Mary Parsons and Dana Behrman on Quality

Jakob Brandtberg Knudsen And Seda Kacel On Health (New)
Health

Jakob Brandtberg Knudsen and Seda Kacel on Health

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“Dynamics of daylighting inside out” by Marilyne Andersen

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PLENTY OF DAYLIGHT WITHOUT OVERHEATING

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2 INSIGHTFUL DAYS AT THE 6TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM IN LONDON

Workshop at Healthy Buildings 2015 Supporting Biorhythms with the Circadian House Concept

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“Daylighting the millennials” by Christoph Reinhart

Daylight 2009 Johnmardaljevic

CLIMATE-BASED DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS by John Mardaljevic

Poul Høilund On Flexible
Pecha KuchaFlexible

Poul Høilund on Flexible | Pecha Kucha

Giulio Camiz 500X500

"Rethink Daylight" by Giulio Camiz

Healthy Home Baro1

HEALTHY HOMES BAROMETER 2015

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”Experiences Using EN 17037 in Building Project. Software Tools and Metrics” by Max Tillberg

Ye Qing On Daylight In Architecture (Asia)
Daylight in Architecture

Ye Qing on Daylight in Architecture (Asia)

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"Window Size Effects on the Atmosphere of Daylit Spaces at High Latitudes" by Claudia Moscoso

Daylight 2009 Javierdelrio

SOLAR HEAT VS. SOLAR LIGHT by Javier del Rio

Daylight 2009 Marcfontoynont

LONG TERM ASSESSMENT OF COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH LIGHTING AND DAYLIGHTING TECHNIQUES by Marc Fontoynont

Daylight 2007 Janejhed

DAYLIGHT + EDUCATION + TOOLS, INTRODUCTION by Jan Ejhed

Daylight 2011 Judithheerwagen

THE EXPERIENCE OF DAYLIGHT by Judith Heerwagen

Woman Sleep

SLEEP: FOCUSING LIGHT ON THE AGING PROCESS

Cristián Izquierdo, José Fernando Gómez And Rick Joy On Daylight In Archite
Daylight in Architecture

Cristián Izquierdo, José Fernando Gómez and Rick Joy on Daylight in Architecture (Americas)

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REGISTRATION NOW OPEN FOR 6TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM IN LONDON ON 2-3 SEPTEMBER 2015

Daylight 2011 Deanhawkes

THE MEASURABLE AND THE UNMEASURABLE by Dean Hawkes

Claire Kimball Johnson On Health (1)
Pecha KuchaHealth

Claire Kimball Johnson on Health | Pecha Kucha

Marilyne Andersen On Quality
Affordability

How much does daylight matter? - With Marilyne Andersen

Markus Pendlmayr On Communities
Pecha KuchaCommunities

Markus Pendlmayr on Communities | Pecha Kucha

Li Hu On Daylight In Architecture (Asia)
Daylight in Architecture

Li Hu on Daylight in Architecture (Asia)

Daylight 2011 Annekathrinefrandsen

THE HEALING POTENTIAL OF DAYLIGHT IN HOSPITAL SETTINGS by Anne Kathrine Frandsen

Song Yehao On Daylight In Architecture (Asia)
Daylight in Architecture

Song Yehao on Daylight in Architecture (Asia)

Daylight 2007 Jamesbenya

DAYLIGHT + SCHOOLS = HEALTH + LEARNING + SUSTAINABILITY by James Benya

2186 Light Forms Juggler E1567494618571

REGISTRATIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL VELUX AWARD 2020 OPENS

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5th VELUX Daylight Symposium 2013

Priji Balakrishnan Coverimage E1574428596135

MEASURING AND MODELLING EQUATORIAL LIGHT

Joseph Allen On Health
Health

What makes a building healthy? | Joseph Allen

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"A comparative gaze responsive comfort evaluation" by Mandana Sarey Khanie

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Lonn Combs at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

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BODY CLOCKS, LIGHT, SLEEP AND HEALTH

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"Establishing urban scale daylight assessment in the planning process" by Paul Rogers

Ingrid Reumert 500X500

"Transforming Cities" by Ingrid Reumert

A CIBSE Daylight Group event: Assessing new metrics for daylight prediction

Louis Becker On Daylight In Architecture (Europe) (New)
Daylight in Architecture

Louis Becker on Daylight in Architecture (Europe)

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“Using immersive virtual reality in lighting research and practice” by Kynthia Chamilothori

Suzanne Deoux 500X500

"Future Living" by Suzanne Deoux

Presenting The Lamp 5

WINNER ANNOUNCEMENT: NATURAL LIGHT INTERNATIONAL DESIGN COMPETITION

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"Visual Delight - The Importance of Views in the Workplace" by Lisa Heschong

Daylight 2009 Fredericofavero

TIMELIGHT - A THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION by Federico Favero

Daylight 2011 Sylviahubalek

OFFICE WORKERS’ DAILY EXPOSURE TO LIGHT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SLEEP QUALITY AND MOOD by Sylvia Hubalek

Joerg Lonkwitz On Daylight In Architecture (Asia)
Daylight in Architecture

Joerg Lonkwitz on Daylight in Architecture (Asia)

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More daylight is needed to create sustainable buildings

Marcus Fairs, Kasper Guldager, Susanne Brorson And James Drinkwater On Environment 2 (2)
Environment

Marcus Fairs, Kasper Guldager, Susanne Brorson and James Drinkwater on Environment

Daylight 2007 Hemmafasch

SPECIAL SCHOOL FOR DISABLED CHILDREN, SONDESCHULE SCHWECHAT, AUSTRIA by Hemma Fasch

Daylight 2011 Truusdebruinhordijk

VISUAL COMFORT FOR SENIORS by Truus de Bruin-Hordijk

Eleonora

READING THE WEATHER

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“En’Light’en: an exploration of light and sensation” by Laura Johnston

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"Daylight Modeling and Simulation Standards" by Zack Rogers

Kasper Reimer On Communities
Pecha KuchaCommunities

Kasper Reimer on Communities | Pecha Kucha

Daylight 2009 Lisaheschong

THE REALIZED SAVINGS RATIO: MEASURED VERSUS PREDICTED ENERGY SAVINGS FOR DAYLIGHT HARVESTING by Lisa Heschong

Sneha Jain, Eleonora Brembilla And Christian Humann On Glare And Control
Glare and Control

Sneha Jain, Eleonora Brembilla and Christian Humann on Glare and Control

Natalia Sokol And Federica Giuliani On Daylight Education
Daylight Education

Natalia Sokol and Federica Giuliani on Daylight Education

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Designing cities for light - Koen Steemers

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"The Rise of Human Centric Lighting" by Kevin Houser

Aljosa Dekleva On Flexible
Pecha KuchaFlexible

Aljosa Dekleva on Flexible | Pecha Kucha

Session 6 Computational Design French.01 18 10 39.Still002 2
Computational Design

Cosmin Ticleanu on Computational Design

Carla Cammilla Hjort 500X500 (1)

"The Big Why" by Carla Cammilla Hjort

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"Interaction of Daylight and Electric Light on Subjective Light Appraisals" by Samantha Peeters

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“Twenty-five years of circadian living: a case study” by Dean Hawkes

IYL2015

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF LIGHT 2015 OFFICIALLY LAUNCHED

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"The future is light" by Per Arnold Andersen

Mette Tony On Quality
Quality

Mette Tony on Quality

Michael Ambjørn On Quality
Pecha KuchaQuality

Michael Ambjørn on Quality | Pecha Kucha

Tina Mayn, Velux Innovation (1080P).00 06 19 12.Still003
VELUX

David Briggs, Welcome

C24D0450
Computational Design

Mikkel Esrup Steenberg on Computational Design

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What Attracts Our Visual Attention?" by Caroline Karmann

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“Happy people in healthy architecture” by Lone Wiggers

Stephen Wasilewski On Computational Design
Computational Design

Stephen Wasilewski on Computational Design

Daylight 2011 Marilyneandersen

DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE TO INFORM ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN by Marilyne Andersen

Daylight 2007 Johnmardaljevic

CLIMATE-BASED DAYLIGHT MODELLING FOR EVALUATION AND EDUCATION by John Mardaljevic

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Christoph Reinhart at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

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VELUX

Tina Mayn, VELUX innovation

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CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS & BUILDING DESIGN DISCUSSIONS AT HEALTHY BUILDINGS 2015

Unesco (1)

UNESCO PROCLAIMS MAY 16TH AS THE INTERNATIONAL DAY OF LIGHT

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DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

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LIGHT-DRIVEN MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING INDICATORS OF NON-VISUAL HEALTH POTENTIAL IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Sinus Lynge And Camilla Van Deurs On Communities (New)
Communities

Sinus Lynge and Camilla van Deurs on Communities

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"IEA Activities Towards Standartizations" by David Geisler-Moroder

Frame 1 Knowledge Carousel 220914

Explore the knowledge - Sign up for more

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“Characterizing the potential of daylight to fulfil non-visual requirements" by Martine Knoop

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"Daylight Amenity Impacts in the Growing City" by Phillip Greenup

Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Nicole Porter, Ayesha Batool, Natalia Vasquez, Till R
Pandemics

Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Nicole Porter, Ayesha Batool, Natalia Giraldo Vasquez, Till Roenneberg - Pandemics

Franz Forsberg On Computational Design (New)
Computational Design

Franz Forsberg on Computational Design

Martin Haas On Communities
Pecha KuchaCommunities

Martin Haas on Communities | Pecha Kucha

Natalie Mossin On Daylight Education
Daylight Education

Natalie Mossin on Daylight Education

Daylight 2011 Vellachiganesan

THE LIGHT WITHIN by Vellachi Ganesan

Sergio Altomonte, Marilyne Andersen And Signe Sand On Quality (New)
Quality

Sergio Altomonte, Marilyne Andersen and Signe Sand on Quality

John Mardaljevic, Alejandro Pacheco Diéguez, Marie Claude Dubois, Arlind Dervishaj &Amp; Cosmin Ticleanu On Computational Design (New)
Computational Design

John Mardaljevic, Alejandro Pacheco Diéguez, Marie-Claude Dubois, Arlind Dervishaj & Cosmin Ticleanu on Computational Design

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"Transforming Cities" by Andy Cornaby

Harwil De Jonge Resized

"Future Living" by Harwil de Jonge​ from Heijmans Real Estate​

Mecs Green Roof Among Others

GLANCING AT A GRASSY GREEN ROOF SIGNIFICANTLY BOOSTS CONCENTRATION

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“Is daylight enough? Taking a holistic, human perspective” by Peter Barrett

Daylight 2009 Jamescarpenter

CONSTRUCTING THE EPHEMERAL - LIGHT IN THE PUBLIC REALM by James Carpenter

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"Radiance – the Interaction of Light and Matter in Building Simulations" by Greg Ward

Paul Bogard 640

THE END OF NIGHT – A MUST WATCH LECTURE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF DARK SKIES

Sinus Lynge On Communities
Communities

How do we build homes within planetary boundaries? | Sinus Lynge

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“Using natural light as a tool for creating a strong architectural narrative” by Omar Gandhi

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“The Multi-Layer City, Reinventing Paris” by Rasmus Astrup & Frederic Chartier

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The Benefits of Windows - Martine Knoop

Afiche Horizontal Gris Letras Fecha

ILUMINA 2015 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ADVANCED DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION

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"Immersive Views Outdoors to Assess the Mediating Effect" by Francisca Rodriguez

Daylight 2007 Henrikwannjensen

STATE-OF-THE-ART IN COMPUTER SIMULATED DAYLIGHTING by Henrik Wann Jensen

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"Daylight and Energies" by Nicolas Michelin

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"Creating Architecture with Daylight" by Steffen Vogt

Daylight 2007 Magilbodart

DAYLIGHT IN EDUCATION by Magali Bodart

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The influence of sunlight on the indoor health - Richard Hobday

Chris Precht On Daylight In Architecture (Europe) Youtube
Daylight in Architecture

Chris Precht on Daylight in Architecture (Europe)

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"Impact of the New European Standard EN17037" by Bernard Paule

Francisca Rodriguez On Contact To The Outdoors
Contact to the Outdoors

Francisca Rodriguez on Contact to the Outdoors

Till Roenneberg On Pandemics (1)
Pandemics

Till Roenneberg on Pandemics

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“Daylight research from knowledge to practice: The tortoise and the guerrilla” by John Mardaljevic

Kynthiachamilothori Mainimage

PERCEPTUAL EFFECTS OF DAYLIGHT PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURE

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“Windows and roof tops for our well-being: their contribution to the value...” by Marc Fontoynont

Daylight 2009 Marilyneandersen

PROSPECTIVE DESIGN IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT FINDINGS IN PHOTOBIOLOGY by Marilyne Andersen

Forwards1

DISCOURSE – FORWARDS TO NATURE

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"Designing with daylight" by Paula Esquivias

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“Daylight craft: Reclaiming a culture of carefully crafting architectural...” by Werner Osterhaus

Sabine Pauquay On Health Pecha Kucha
Pecha KuchaHealth

Sabine Pauquay on Health | Pecha Kucha

Augustesen 01

ARCHITECTURE FOR THE SENSES

Daylight 2011 Russellfoster

BODY CLOCKS, LIGHT, SLEEP AND HEALTH by Russell Foster

Olafur Eliasson

OLAFUR ELIASSON ON THE NATURAL LIGHT WINNING DESIGN

Balancing Light – Lecture at Eindhoven University of Technology on 6 March 2015

Article1 Web

DAYLIGHT DEFICIT IN MODERN SOCIETIES

Daylight 2009 Myriamaries&Laurenszonneveldt

DAYLIGHT AND COMFORT IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT by Myriam Aries and Laurens Zonneveldt

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“Skylight Illumination Design of Primary Education Building Space” by Song Yehao

Timothy Brown On Light And Health (New)
Light & Health

Timothy Brown on Light and Health

EUROPEAN DAYLIGHT STANDARD by Peter Raynham

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"Using Virtual Reality to Validate New Metrics for Prediction" by Steffen Petersen

Alstan Jakubiec On Computational Design
Computational Design

Alstan Jakubiec on Computational Design

Andy Cornaby 500X500

"Transforming Cities" by Andy Cornaby

First International Workshop on Future Light Technology and Human Health

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David Nelson at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

Lid Display

Lighting Design Students create new lighting possibilities for the Absalon Church

Tds Header MAL

KEY LEARNINGS ABOUT DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE IN A DEMONSTRATION BUILDING AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES

Marcus Fairs, Chris Trott, Cassie Sutherland And Cécile Brisac On Community
Communities

Marcus Fairs, Chris Trott, Cassie Sutherland and Cécile Brisac on Community

Harwil De Jonge, Marilyne Andersen And Rasmus Nørgaard On Affordability (New)
Affordability

Harwil de Jonge, Marilyne Andersen and Rasmus Nørgaard on Affordability