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BODY CLOCKS, LIGHT, SLEEP AND HEALTH

Speakers

by Russell G. Foster | illustrations by Ulrika Nilsson Carlsson

 

 

Over the last one and a half centuries, artificial light and the restructuring of working times have seemingly ‘liberated’ us from the diurnal cycles of light and dark that nature imparts on us. Yet recent research has shown that this separation from nature comes at a considerable cost, causing health and social problems. A reconnection to the rhythms of nature is therefore needed – and this will also have a profound influence on architecture.

 

Our lives are ruled by time and we use time to tell us what to do. But the digital alarm clock that wakes us in the morning or the wrist-watch that tells us we are late for supper are unnatural clocks. Our biology answers to a profoundly more ancient beat that probably started to tick early in the evolution of all life. Embedded within our genes, and almost all life on earth, are the instructions for a biological clock that marks the passage of approximately 24 hours. Biological clocks or ‘circadian clocks’ (circa about, diem a day) help time our sleep patterns, alertness, mood, physical strength, blood pressure and much more. Under normal conditions we experience a 24-hour pattern of light and dark, and our circadian clock uses this signal to align biological time to the day and night. The clock is then used to anticipate the differing demands of the 24-hour day and fine-tune physiology and behaviour in advance of the changing conditions. Body temperature drops, blood pressure decreases, cognitive performance drops and tiredness increases in anticipation of going to bed. Whilst before dawn, metabolism is geared-up in anticipation of increased activity when we wake.

 

Few of us appreciate this internal world, seduced by an apparent freedom to sleep, work, eat, drink, or travel when we want. But this freedom is an illusion; in reality we are not free to act independently of the biological order that the circadian clock imparts. We are unable to perform with the same efficiency throughout the 24h day. Life has evolved on a planet that experiences profound changes in light over the 24h day and our biology anticipates these changes and needs to be exposed to the natural pattern of light and dark to function properly. Yet we detach ourselves from the environment by forcing our nights into days using electric light, and isolate ourselves in buildings that shield us from natural light. This short review considers some of the important consequences of our increasing detachment from the sun.

 

 

THE DAY WITHIN

 

At the base of the brain, in a structure known as the anterior hypothalamus, is a cluster of about 50,000 neurones known as the suprachiasmatic nuclei or SCN. If this region is destroyed as a result of a stroke or tumour, then 24h rhythmicity is lost and physiology becomes randomly distributed across the day. The finding that individual SCN neurones, isolated from all other cells, show near 24-hour rhythms in electrical activity demonstrated that the basic mechanisms that generate this internal day must be part of a sub-cellular molecular mechanism. To date, approximately 14-20 genes and their protein products have been linked to the generation of circadian rhythms. At the heart of the molecular clock is a negative feedback loop that consists of the following sequence of events: the clock genes are transcribed and the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) move to the cytoplasm of the cell and are translated into proteins; The proteins interact to form complexes and then move from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and inhibit the transcription of their own genes; the inhibitory clock protein complexes are then degraded and the core clock genes are once more free to make their mRNA and hence fresh protein. This negative feedback loop generates a near 24-hour rhythm of protein production and degradation that encodes the biological day.

 

The original assumption was that SCN neurones collectively drive or impose a 24h rhythm on physiology and behaviour. However, the discovery that isolated cells from almost any organ of the body produce clock genes/proteins in a circadian pattern led to a major shift in our understanding. We now appreciate that the SCN acts as a master pacemaker, coordinating the activity of all cellular clocks in a manner that has been likened to the conductor of an orchestra, regulating the timing of the multiple and varied components of the ensemble. In the absence of the SCN, the individual cellular clocks of the organ systems drift apart and coordinated circadian rhythms collapse – a state known as internal desynchronisation. Internal desynchronisation is the main reason why we feel so awful as a result of jet lag. All the different organ systems, the brain, liver, gut, muscles etc., are working at a slightly different time. Only when internal time has been re-aligned can we function normally once more.

 

 

OUR BODY CLOCKS ARE DIFFERENT – GENES AND HORMONES?

 

Our body clocks are not all the same. If you are alert in the mornings and go to bed early you are a ‘lark’, but if you hate mornings and want to keep going through the night, then you are an ’owl’.

 

These terms have been used to describe the real phenomenon of diurnal preference – the times when you prefer to sleep and when you do your best work. Diurnal preference is determined partly by our clock genes. Exciting research in recent years has shown that small changes in these genes have been linked to the fast clocks (shorter than 24h) of larks or slower clocks (longer than 24h) of owls. But it is not just our genes that regulate our diurnal preference. Sleep timing changes markedly as we age. By the time of puberty, bed times and wake times drift to later and later hours. This tendency to get up later continues until about the age of 19.5 years in women and 21 years in men. At this point there is a reversal and a drift towards earlier sleep and wake times. By the age of 55–60 we are getting up as early as we did when we were 10. These and allied results demonstrate that young adults really do have a problem getting up in the morning. Teenagers show both delayed sleep and high levels of sleep deprivation, because they are going to bed late but still having to get up early in the morning to go to school. These real biological effects have been largely ignored in terms of the time structure imposed upon teenagers at school. Of the few studies undertaken, later starting times for schools have been shown to improve alertness and the mental abilities of students during their morning lessons. Ironically, whilst young adults tend to improve their performance across the day, their older teachers show a decline in performance over the same period! The mechanisms for this change in diurnal preference remain poorly understood, but are thought to relate to the marked changes in our steroid hormones (e.g. testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone) and their rapid rise during puberty and subsequent slower decline.

 

 

LIGHT CLOCKS AND ALERTNESS

 

A clock is not a clock unless it can be set to local time – and the molecular clocks within the SCN are normally adjusted (entrained) by daily exposure to light around dawn and dusk detected by the eyes. Failure to expose the clock to a stable light/dark cycle results in drifting or ‘free-running’ circadian rhythms or disrupted cycles. Detachment from solar day is common in industrialised societies and the special case of shift workers will be discussed below; however isolation from robust dawn and dusk signals occurs in many different instances. For example, paediatric and adult intensive care units frequently utilise low and constant light. In such an environment circadian rhythms would be expected to drift and become desynchronised. The result, as discussed below in the sub-section ’Disrupting the clock’, will be a weakened health status of the patient. Light does more than regulate the timing of circadian rhythms – it also has a direct effect on alertness and performance. Brain imaging following light exposure shows increased activity in many of the brain areas involved in alertness, cognition and memory (thalamus, hippocampus, brainstem) and mood (amygdala). Furthermore, increased light has been shown to improve concentration, the ability to perform cognitive tasks and to reduce sleepiness. As a result, inappropriate light exposure in a building will not only disrupt sleep and circadian timing but also levels of alertness and performance. We will return to this topic below.

 

Our understanding of how light regulates circadian rhythms and alertness has been advanced dramatically over the past few years with the discovery of an entirely new photoreceptor system in the eye. This novel photoreceptor is not located in the part of the eye containing the rods (night vision) and cones (day vision) that are used to generate an image of the world, but in the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. Most ganglion cells form a functional connection between the eye and the brain, but a small number of specialised ganglion cells (1–3%) are directly light-sensitive and project to those parts of the brain involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep, alertness, memory and mood. These photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) contain a light-sensitive pigment called Opn4, which is most sensitive in the blue part of the spectrum with a peak sensitivity at 480 nm – very similar to the ‘blue’ of a clear blue sky. This light-detection system has evolved to be anatomically and functionally independent of the visual system, and probably evolved before vision as the main way to detect light for entraining daily rhythms. Remarkably, the pRGCs can still detect light to shift the circadian clock or affect alertness even in animals or people where the rods and cones used for vision are completely destroyed and who are otherwise totally visually blind. This raises important implications for ophthalmologists who are largely unaware of this new photoreceptor system and its impact on human physiology.

 

“Of the few studies undertaken, later starting times for schools have been shown to improve alertness and the mental abilities of students during their morning lessons. Ironically, whilst young adults tend to improve their performance across the day, their older teachers show a decline in performance over the same period!”

 

In view of the colour sensitivity of Opn4, we would predict that blue light should be the most effective wavelength (colour) for shifting circadian rhythms and alerting the arousal systems. In all studies undertaken to-date, this has been shown to be the case. Blue light exposure at night is most effective at shifting the timing of the circadian clock, reducing sleepiness, improving reaction times and activating areas of the brain mediating alertness and sleep. In addition to its spectrum, light timing, duration, pattern and history all interact to influence circadian rhythms and alertness. Light timing is particularly important. Light can eitheradvance (go to bed earlier) or delay (go to bed later) the circadian system depending on the timing of exposure. Under conditions of solar light exposure, light around dusk causes a delay of the clock, whereas light exposure around dawn will advance the clock. This delaying and advancing effect of light keeps the SCN locked onto to the solar day. Such differential effects of light become vitally important when trying to understand the impact of jet lag, shift work (see below), or building design on sleep/wake timing.

 

The pRGCs are not as sensitive to light as the rods and cones, so that short light exposure that is easily detected by the visual system is not recognised by the pRGCs. However, dim light can have an effect if it is delivered over long periods of time. Thus relatively dim indoor room light from bedside lamps and computer screens (less than 100 lux) can have measureable effects on the clock and arousal systems over several hours, and may exacerbate sleep disorders. Collectively, these effects of light – spectral composition, time of exposure and brightness – have widespread clinical and occupational applications in not only treating sleep disorders and fatigue but in the architecture of hospitals, schools, offices, retail space and domestic buildings.

 

 

DISRUPTING THE CLOCK – SHIFT WORK AND 24/7

 

The introduction of electricity and artificial light in the 19th century and the restructuring of work times have progressively detached us from the solar 24-hour cycles of light and dark. The consequence has been disruption of the circadian and sleep systems. Much has been written about the effects of this disruption, and in general terms the effects are clear (Table 1). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption results in performance deficits that include increased errors, poor vigilance, poor memory, reduced mental and physical reaction times and reduced motivation. Sleep deprivation and disruption are also associated with a range of metabolic abnormalities, including the glucose/insulin axis. For example, sleep disrupted individuals take longer to regulate blood-glucose levels and insulin can fall to levels seen in the early stages of diabetes — abnormalities that can be reversed by normal sleep. Such results have suggested that long-term sleep and circadian rhythm disruption might contribute to chronic conditions such as diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Furthermore, obesity is strongly correlated with sleep apnoea and hence additional sleep disturbance. Under these circumstances a dangerous positive feedback loop of obesity and sleep disturbance can often result.

 

Sleep loss and circadian rhythm disruption are most obvious in night-shift workers. More than 20% of the population of employment age work at least some of the time outside the 07.00–19.00 day.

 

Josephine Arendt at the University of Surrey makes the point: “Because of their rapidly changing and conflicting lightdark exposure and activity-rest behaviour, shift workers can have symptoms similar to those of jet lag. Although travellers normally adapt to the new time zone, shiftworkers usually live out of phase with local time cues”. Even after 20 years of nightshift work, individuals will not normally shift their circadian rhythms in response to the demands of working at night. Despite the great variety and complexity of ‘shift systems’, none have been able to alleviate fully the circadian problems associated with shift work. Metabolism, along with alertness and performance, are still high during the day when the night-shift worker is trying to sleep and low at night when the individual is trying to work. A misaligned physiology, along with poor sleep, in night-shift workers has been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, an eight-fold higher incidence of peptic ulcers, and a higher risk of some forms of cancer. Other problems include a greater risk of accidents, chronic fatigue, excessive sleepiness, difficulty sleeping and higher rates of substance abuse and depression. Night-shift workers are also much more likely to view their jobs as extremely stressful.

 

So why don’t shift-workers shift their clocks? After all, if we travel across multiple time zones we do recover from jet lag and entrain to local time. The answer seems to be that the pRGCs that entrain the circadian system are fairly insensitive to light. The clock always responds to bright natural sunlight in preference to the dim artificial light commonly found in the workplace. It is not obvious but shortly after dawn, natural light is some 50 times brighter than normal office lighting (300–500 lux), and at noon natural light can be 500 to 1,000 times brighter – even in Northern Europe. Thus exposure to strong natural light on the journey to and from work, combined with low levels of light in the workplace, entrains the night-shift worker onto local time. In this way biological and social time are persistently misaligned in night-shift workers. In the absence of any natural light, however, the clock will eventually respond to man-made light. Theoretically this information could be used to develop practical countermeasures to the problems of working at night. However, most nightshift workers prefer not to be adapted to a reversed sleep-wake cycle as they like to spend their work-free time with family and friends at maximum alertness. One suggestion has been to select individuals preference – ‘owls’ have naturally better alertness at later hours and make better night-shift workers, while ‘larks’ are usually better at adapting to early morning shifts.

 

There is increasing evidence of a complex and important interaction between circadian rhythm/sleep disruption and the immune system. Rats deprived of sleep readily die of septicaemia, and in humans the activity of natural killer cells can be lowered by as much as 28% after only one night without sleep. Sleep disruption also alters many other aspects of the immune system including circulating immune complexes, secondary antibody responses, and antigen uptake. Cortisol provides an important link between the immune system, sleep and psychological stress. Sleep disruption and sustained psychological stress increase cortisol levels in the blood. Indeed, one lost night of sleep can raise cortisol by nearly 50% on the following evening. High levels of cortisol act to suppress the immune system, so excessively tired people are more likely to acquire an infection. In this context, night-shift workers are at a higher risk of certain types of cancer and there has been considerable speculation as to the cause. In view of the considerable physiological stress and sleep loss associated with night-shift work, immune impairment could provide a mechanistic link with the increased risk of cancers in night-shift workers.

 

 

CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

 

The discussion in this article has considered both the biology of internal time and some of the general problems we face if we ignore the role of sleep and circadian timing in our lives. It is now clear that poor sleep, mood changes, decreased cognitive performance, reduced communication skills and a higher risk of disease can arise from the demands of a 24/7 society. One of the consequences of this impairment of brain function is the reliance by large sections of society on day-time stimulants and night-time sedatives to replace the order normally imposed by the circadian system. Shift-work is perhaps the most extreme example, but we should not ignore the fact that many of our children in schools, healthcare professionals in hospitals, and manufacturing and business workforces are isolated from natural light. This will not only increase their likelihood of circadian rhythm and sleep disturbance but also have a significant impact upon their cognition, mood and sense of well-being. We are a species that has evolved under bright light conditions – even on an overcast day in Europe, natural light is around 10,000 lux, and may be as high as 100,000 lux on bright sunny days. Yet we live in homes and work in offices, factories, schools and hospitals that are often isolated from natural light and where artificial light is often around 200 lux and seldom exceeds 400–500 lux. We live our lives in dim caves. Modern architectural design has the opportunity, by letting light into our lives, to liberate humanity from the gloom and allowing our bodies to use the natural pattern of light and dark to optimise our biology.

 

Russell Foster is Professor of Circadian Neuroscience and the Head of Department of Ophthalmology at Oxford University. Russell Foster’s research spans basic and applied circadian and photoreceptor biology. For his discovery of nonrod, non-cone ocular photoreceptors, he has been awarded numerous prizes, including the Honma prize (Japan), Cogan Award (USA) and Zoological Society Scientific & Edride-Green Medals (UK). He is co-author of Rhythms of Life and Seasons of Life, popular science books on biological rhythms. In 2008, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society.

 

This article is featured in D/A Magazine issue 15, more information on DA.VELUX.com.

 

 

Further reading

 

Foster, R.G. & Kreitzman, L. (2004) Rhythms of Life: The biological clocks that control the daily lives of every living thing. Profile Books, London.

 

Foster, R.G. & Wulff, K. (2005) The rhythm of rest and excess. Nat Rev Neurosci, 6, 407–414.

 

Foster, R.G. & Hankins, M.W. (2007) Circadian vision. Curr Biol, 17, R746–751.

 

Rajaratnam, S.M. & Arendt, J. (2001) Health in a 24-h society. Lancet, 358, 999–1005.

 

Zaidi, F.H., Hull, J.T., Peirson, S.N., Wulff, K., Aeschbach, D., Gooley, J.J., Brainard, G.C., Gregory-Evans, K., Rizzo III, J.F., Czeisler, C.A., Foster, R.G., Moseley, M.J. & Lockley, S.W. (2007) Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina. Curr Biol, 17, 2122–2128.

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Anders Lonka on Quality | Pecha Kucha

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"Window Size Effects on the Atmosphere of Daylit Spaces at High Latitudes" by Claudia Moscoso

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"Designing with daylight" by Paula Esquivias

Olafur Eliasson

OLAFUR ELIASSON ON THE NATURAL LIGHT WINNING DESIGN

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"Superarchitecture: Daylight for Sustainability and Health" by Terri Peters

Green Light House 640 Cropped

DAYLIGHTING: workplace of the future

Andrew Bissell On Light And Health (New)
Light & Health

Andrew Bissell on Light and Health

Session 6 Computational Design French.00 25 12 35.Still004
Glare and Control

Eleonora Brembilla on Glare and Control

Harwil De Jonge Resized

"Future Living" by Harwil de Jonge​ from Heijmans Real Estate​

Daylight 2009 Wesseldejonge

DAYLIGHT AND MODERNITY: DESIGN AND REDESIGN OF THE VAN NELLE DESIGN FACTORY by Wessel de Jonge

F. Forsberg, N. H. Langkjær, L. B. Vieweg, S. Wasilewski And A. Jakubiec On Comp
Computational Design

Franz Forsberg, Nicolaj Hostrup Langkjær, Love Berger-Vieweg, Stephen Wasilewski and Alstan Jakubiec on Computational Design

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"Light and architecture" by Cui Kai

Volf

LIGHT, ARCHITECTURE AND HEALTH

Daylight 2009 Keesduijvestein

SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN IN RELATION TO DAYLIGHTING by Kees Duijvestein

Andy Cornaby 500X500

"Transforming Cities" by Andy Cornaby

Mojtaba Parsaee On Light And Health
Light & Health

Mojtaba Parsaee on Light and Health

LMU 640

CALL FOR ABSTRACTS EXTENDED FOR 3RD VELUX DAYLIGHT ACADEMIC FORUM

Timothy Brown, Manuel Spitschan, Yvonne De Kort And Andrew Bissell On Light And Health (New)
Light & Health

Timothy Brown, Manuel Spitschan, Yvonne de Kort and Andrew Bissell on Light and Health

Nicole Porter On Pandemics (New)
Pandemics

Nicole Porter on Pandemics

Lone Wiggers Web

LONE WIGGERS: LIVE KEYNOTE FROM THE 7th VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM

VELUX Daylight Academic Forum 3 Edited 1

DAYLIGHT ACADEMIC FORUM FOR PH.D. STUDENTS, NOVEMBER 18, 2021

Daylight 2011 Brentrichards

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF DAYLIGHT by Brent Richards

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“Daylight as a qualitative aspect and driving element in developing architecture“ by Stefan Behnisch

Sneha Jain, Eleonora Brembilla And Christian Humann On Glare And Control
Glare and Control

Sneha Jain, Eleonora Brembilla and Christian Humann on Glare and Control

Mette Tony On Quality
Quality

Mette Tony on Quality

DA23 640

LIGHT TO LIFE

Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Nicole Porter, Ayesha Batool, Natalia Vasquez, Till R
Pandemics

Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg, Nicole Porter, Ayesha Batool, Natalia Giraldo Vasquez, Till Roenneberg - Pandemics

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The Benefits of Windows - Martine Knoop

BOS9747

2 INSIGHTFUL DAYS AT THE 6TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM IN LONDON

Sinus Lynge On Communities
Communities

Investigating a new way of building | Sinus Lynge

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"Daylight and Energies" by Nicolas Michelin

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"Creative activity-based learning and office environments require..." by Jakob Strømann-Andersen

Forwards1

DISCOURSE – FORWARDS TO NATURE

Daylight 2011 Peterboyce

LEMMINGS, LIGHT AND HEALTH REVISITED by Peter Boyce

Helmut Stifter, Angelika Bachmann And Philipp Buxbaum On Flexible & Local
FlexibleLocal

Helmut Stifter, Angelika Bachmann and Philipp Buxbaum on Flexible & Local

Daylight 2007 Johnmardaljevic

CLIMATE-BASED DAYLIGHT MODELLING FOR EVALUATION AND EDUCATION by John Mardaljevic

VELUX Daylight Symposium 21

97 PHOTOS FROM 7TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM IN BERLIN

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"The Value of Daylight in Office Buildings" by Christoph Reinhart

Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg On Pandemics (New)
Pandemics

Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg on Pandemics

Claire Kimball Johnson On Health (1)
Pecha KuchaHealth

Claire Kimball Johnson on Health | Pecha Kucha

Bpie Daylight

An Analysis of Residential Building Regulation in Eight EU Member States

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What Attracts Our Visual Attention?" by Caroline Karmann

EH 640

EARTH HOUR ON SATURDAY 28 MARCH 2015 AT 20:30

Friedl Decock 500X500

"Renovactive Overview & Demonstration Results Part II: Replicability" by Friedl Decock

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"The future is light" by Per Arnold Andersen

Daylight 2007 Jamesbenya

DAYLIGHT + SCHOOLS = HEALTH + LEARNING + SUSTAINABILITY by James Benya

Stephen Wasilewski On Computational Design
Computational Design

Stephen Wasilewski on Computational Design

Daylight 2007 Janejhed

DAYLIGHT + EDUCATION + TOOLS, INTRODUCTION by Jan Ejhed

Marilyne Andersen On Quality
Affordability

How much does daylight matter? - With Marilyne Andersen

Daylight 2007 Richardhobday

HEALTH, ARCHITECTURE AND THE SUN by Richard Hobday

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“The Multi-Layer City, Reinventing Paris” by Rasmus Astrup & Frederic Chartier

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"Sunlight as a source of indoor illumination, studies from high latitudes" by Barbara Matusiak

Joseph Allen On Health
Health

What makes a building healthy? | Joseph Allen

Augustesen 01

ARCHITECTURE FOR THE SENSES

Aljosa Dekleva On Flexible
Pecha KuchaFlexible

Aljosa Dekleva on Flexible | Pecha Kucha

Daylight 2011 Judithheerwagen

THE EXPERIENCE OF DAYLIGHT by Judith Heerwagen

C24D0450
Computational Design

Mikkel Esrup Steenberg on Computational Design

Kasper Reimer On Communities
Pecha KuchaCommunities

Kasper Reimer on Communities | Pecha Kucha

Augustesen 01 (1)

ARCHITECTURE FOR THE SENSES

Sinus Lynge On Communities
Communities

How do we build homes within planetary boundaries? | Sinus Lynge

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"Immersive Views Outdoors to Assess the Mediating Effect" by Francisca Rodriguez

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"Daylight levels in Swedish buildings as a base for modernized regulations" by Marie-Claude Dubois

Presenting The Lamp 5

WINNER ANNOUNCEMENT: NATURAL LIGHT INTERNATIONAL DESIGN COMPETITION

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"Transforming Cities" by Andy Cornaby

Light Cultures – New Technologies, Aesthetics, and Climate Policies

Bagsvaerd Kirke Loftshvaelv

NORDIC LIGHT

Jakob Brandtberg Knudsen And Seda Kacel On Health (New)
Health

Jakob Brandtberg Knudsen and Seda Kacel on Health

Daylight 2009 Marilyneandersen

PROSPECTIVE DESIGN IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT FINDINGS IN PHOTOBIOLOGY by Marilyne Andersen

Per Arnold Andersen On Daylight Education (New)
Daylight Education

Per Arnold Andersen on Daylight Education

Daylight 2009 Jamescarpenter

CONSTRUCTING THE EPHEMERAL - LIGHT IN THE PUBLIC REALM by James Carpenter

Daylight 2009 Tornørretranders

HERE COMES THE SUN by Tor Nørretranders

Li Hu On Daylight In Architecture (Asia)
Daylight in Architecture

Li Hu on Daylight in Architecture (Asia)

Mette Skjold On Environment
Environment

How do we design places for life – all life? | Mette Skjold

Marcus Fairs, Kasper Guldager, Susanne Brorson And James Drinkwater On Environment 2 (2)
Environment

Marcus Fairs, Kasper Guldager, Susanne Brorson and James Drinkwater on Environment

Cabin Spacey

"Future Living" by Simon Becker from Cabin One

Screenshot 20221116 140647

"Parametric daylight facade optimization methodology" by Alejandro Dieguez

Professionalhousebuilderspanel Morten Emmanuel David Harwil Jan Healthybuildingsday

Professional House Builders Panel on User-Centric Design "Is the End User the Center of Design?​"

Ingrid Reumert 500X500

"Healthy Homes Barometer 2019 & Political Framing" by Marjolaine Meynier-Millefert & Ingrid Reumert

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“Characterizing the potential of daylight to fulfil non-visual requirements" by Martine Knoop

Daylight 2009 Mohammedboubekri

DAYLIGHTING LEGISLATION AND HEALTH by Mohamed Boubekri

Session 6 Computational Design French.00 19 17 05.Still003
Glare and Control

Sneha Jain on Glare and Control

Screenshot 20221116 145201

"Buildings of the Future Need Light and Chronobiology” by Till Roenneberg

Markus Pendlmayr On Communities
Pecha KuchaCommunities

Markus Pendlmayr on Communities | Pecha Kucha

Daylight 2009 Christophemartinsons

THE ROLE OF DAYLIGHT IN THE EXISTENT AND FUTURE FRENCH BUILDING REGULATIONS by Christophe Martinsons

Daylight 2007 Hemmafasch

SPECIAL SCHOOL FOR DISABLED CHILDREN, SONDESCHULE SCHWECHAT, AUSTRIA by Hemma Fasch

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"Daylight and the Experience of Landscape" by Martin Schwartz

Biorythm Workshop 640

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS & BUILDING DESIGN DISCUSSIONS AT HEALTHY BUILDINGS 2015

Priji Balakrishnan Coverimage E1574428596135

MEASURING AND MODELLING EQUATORIAL LIGHT

Keith Riddle, Wrap Up And Thank You (New)
VELUX

Keith Riddle, Wrap up and Thank you

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"Interaction of Daylight and Electric Light on Subjective Light Appraisals" by Samantha Peeters

Window Childrenroom 2 640

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WINDOWS TO GERMANS A QUALITATIVE, ANTHROPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE QUALITIES OF A WINDOW

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“Light in the public realm” by James Carpenter

Song Yehao On Daylight In Architecture (Asia)
Daylight in Architecture

Song Yehao on Daylight in Architecture (Asia)

Daylight 2009 Javierdelrio

SOLAR HEAT VS. SOLAR LIGHT by Javier del Rio

New Edition of CIBSE Guide A on Environmental Design

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6th VELUX Daylight Symposium 2015

January 1 2

CAPTURE THE SUN!

John Mardaljevic On Computational Design2
Computational Design

John Mardaljevic on Computational Design

Thinknaturallight Byvincentlegarrec Healthybuildingsday2

"Think Natural Light" by Vincent Le Garrec

Daylight 2007 Lisaheschong (3)

DAYLIGHTING AND STUDENT PERFORMANCE by Lisa Heschong

Daylight 2011 Russellfoster

BODY CLOCKS, LIGHT, SLEEP AND HEALTH by Russell Foster

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“Windows and roof tops for our well-being: their contribution to the value...” by Marc Fontoynont

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REGISTRATION NOW OPEN FOR 6TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM IN LONDON ON 2-3 SEPTEMBER 2015

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Lonn Combs at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

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“Using immersive virtual reality in lighting research and practice” by Kynthia Chamilothori

05 Chinmaya Mission Austin 640Pixels

CHINMAYA MISSION AUSTIN

Daylight 2011 Jenniferveitch

THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WINDOWS, DAYLIGHT, AND VIEW AT HOME by Jennifer Veitch

Daylight 2011 Ulrikebrandi

A LACK OF DAYLIGHT CULTURE by Ulrike Brandi

Franz Forsberg On Computational Design (New)
Computational Design

Franz Forsberg on Computational Design

Marcus Fairs, Chris Trott, Cassie Sutherland And Cécile Brisac On Community
Communities

Marcus Fairs, Chris Trott, Cassie Sutherland and Cécile Brisac on Community

Screenshot 20221116 144510

“Happy people in healthy architecture” by Lone Wiggers

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“Is daylight enough? Taking a holistic, human perspective” by Peter Barrett

Mette Mogensen 500X500

"Indoor Climate Incentive Programme" by Mette Mogensen

Margrethe Odgaard On Quality
Pecha KuchaQuality

Margrethe Odgaard on Quality | Pecha Kucha

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"The Colour(s) of the Sky - Bridging the Theory and Practice" by Aicha Diakite

Daylight 2009 Paulkalkhoven

DESIGNING WITH DAYLIGHT UNDER LARGE ROOFS by Paul Kalkhoven

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"Can Natural Lighting Shape Architecture?" by Sebastian Moreno Vacca & Aline Branders

TDS Infographics

TOWARDS AN IDENTIFICATION OF EUROPEAN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS’ IMPACT ON HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE

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"Light, Architecture, and our Experience of Space" by Kynthia Chamilothori

Harwil De Jonge, Marilyne Andersen And Rasmus Nørgaard On Affordability (New)
Affordability

Harwil de Jonge, Marilyne Andersen and Rasmus Nørgaard on Affordability

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"Daylight paradox- evaluation based on LEED v4 and prEN-17037 Daylight of Buildings" by Anne Iversen

EUROPEAN DAYLIGHT STANDARD by Peter Raynham

Louis Becker And Chris Precht On Daylight In Architecture (Europe)
Daylight in Architecture

Louis Becker and Chris Precht on Daylight in Architecture (Europe)

Screenshot 20221116 152355

"Daylight Amenity Impacts in the Growing City" by Phillip Greenup

Evaluation Methods for Assessing Daylight Quality in Architecture

Mecs Green Roof Among Others

GLANCING AT A GRASSY GREEN ROOF SIGNIFICANTLY BOOSTS CONCENTRATION

Screenshot 20221117 095232

"Designing Visually Accessible Spaces: Predicting Visibility" by Rob Shakespeare

Daylight 2011 Marilyneandersen

DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE TO INFORM ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN by Marilyne Andersen

Paul Bogard 640

THE END OF NIGHT – A MUST WATCH LECTURE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF DARK SKIES

Daylight 2009 Fredericofavero

TIMELIGHT - A THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION by Federico Favero

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“From energy efficiency towards wellbeing – introducing...” by Astrid Achatz

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"Daylight at masterplan stage" by Paula Longato and Alexander Rotsch

Daylight 2011 Deanhawkes

THE MEASURABLE AND THE UNMEASURABLE by Dean Hawkes

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"Radiance – the Interaction of Light and Matter in Building Simulations" by Greg Ward

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"Creating Architecture with Daylight" by Steffen Vogt

Daylight 2009 Myriamaries&Laurenszonneveldt

DAYLIGHT AND COMFORT IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT by Myriam Aries and Laurens Zonneveldt

Femke Beute On Contact To The Outdoors
Contact to the Outdoors

Femke Beute on Contact to the Outdoors

Mandana Sarey Khanie On Contact To The Outdoors (New)
Contact to the Outdoors

Mandana Sarey Khanie on Contact to the Outdoors

Much Untertrifaller On Flexible Pecha Kucha
Pecha KuchaFlexible

Much Untertrifaller on Flexible | Pecha Kucha

Healthy Home Baro1

HEALTHY HOMES BAROMETER 2015

Louis Becker On Daylight In Architecture (Europe) (New)
Daylight in Architecture

Louis Becker on Daylight in Architecture (Europe)

Carpenter Presentation Page

9th VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM TO TAKE PLACE IN NOVEMBER 2021

Screenshot 20221116 153015

"An Explorative Study on Impact of Daylight and View among Operating Room Nurse" by Marielle Aarts

Arlind Dervishaj On Computational Design (New)
Computational Design

Arlind Dervishaj on Computational Design

Till Roenneberg On Pandemics (1)
Pandemics

Till Roenneberg on Pandemics

Blog Ways Into The Light

WAYS INTO THE LIGHT

Per A. Andersen, H. Glogau, N. Mossin, N. Sokol, F. Giuliani And S. Fotios
Daylight Education

Per Arnold Andersen, Henry Glogau, Natalie Mossin, Natalia Sokol, Federica Giuliani and Steve Fotios on Daylight Education

Lighting Visions

Lighting Visions: Light, Space and Nature

2186 Light Forms Juggler E1567494618571

REGISTRATIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL VELUX AWARD 2020 OPENS

Screenshot 20221116 143220

“Dynamics of daylighting inside out” by Marilyne Andersen

Natalia Sokol And Federica Giuliani On Daylight Education
Daylight Education

Natalia Sokol and Federica Giuliani on Daylight Education

Cristián Izquierdo, José Fernando Gómez And Rick Joy On Daylight In Archite
Daylight in Architecture

Cristián Izquierdo, José Fernando Gómez and Rick Joy on Daylight in Architecture (Americas)

Session 6 Computational Design French.00 20 38 18.Still010
Pecha KuchaCommunities

Susanne Brorson on Communities | Pecha Kucha

Daylight 2011 Miriammunch

DAYLIGHT – VISUAL COMFORT AND NON-VISUAL FUNCTIONS by Mirjam Münch

Maria Tds640

LIGHT-DRIVEN MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING INDICATORS OF NON-VISUAL HEALTH POTENTIAL IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Lukas Gruntz On Quality
Pecha KuchaQuality

Lukas Gruntz on Quality | Pecha Kucha

Tina Mayn, Velux Innovation (1080P).00 06 19 12.Still003
VELUX

David Briggs, Welcome

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“Freedom of use” by Anne Lacaton

Juri Troy On Quality
Quality

Juri Troy on Quality

Screenshot 20221116 141359

"Virtual reality- getting in the zone" by Christoph Reinhart

Daylight 2011 Vellachiganesan

THE LIGHT WITHIN by Vellachi Ganesan

Daylight 2011 Myriamaries&Laurenszonnefeldt

DAYLIGHT DYNAMICS WITH REGARD TO HUMAN NEEDS by Myriam Aries and Laurens Zonneveldt

Alstan Jakubiec On Computational Design
Computational Design

Alstan Jakubiec on Computational Design

Screenshot 20221116 154348

"IEA Activities Towards Standartizations" by David Geisler-Moroder

Daylight 2009 Rolfgerstlauer

DAYLIGHT, SUSTAINABILITY AND HEALTH IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION by Rolf Gerstlauer

Pawlyn 640

FINAL PROGRAMME NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE 6TH VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM

John Mardaljevic, Alejandro Pacheco Diéguez, Marie Claude Dubois, Arlind Dervishaj &Amp; Cosmin Ticleanu On Computational Design (New)
Computational Design

John Mardaljevic, Alejandro Pacheco Diéguez, Marie-Claude Dubois, Arlind Dervishaj & Cosmin Ticleanu on Computational Design

Screenshot 20221116 144320

“Daylight craft: Reclaiming a culture of carefully crafting architectural...” by Werner Osterhaus

Luminance Mar0930 Clear Sky HQ Crop PS Smaller E1425049371552

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS IN THE DESIGN PROCESS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Article1 Web

DAYLIGHT DEFICIT IN MODERN SOCIETIES

Dayligth Saving Time

BACK TO WINTER TIME

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"Daylight Modeling and Simulation Standards" by Zack Rogers

Florence Lam 640

A MUSEUM OF DAYLIGHT – THE NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM IN ATHENS

BOS9935

84 PHOTOS FROM VELUX DAYLIGHT SYMPOSIUM IN LONDON

Daylight Research Post2

GET FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO YOUR DAYLIGHT RESEARCH

111950 01 XXL 640

PLENTY OF DAYLIGHT WITHOUT OVERHEATING

Thumbnail Speaker Marilyne 1920X1080
Affordability

Why does Daylight Matter? | Marilyne Andersen

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Deborah Burnett at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

Daylight 2009 Wilfriedpohl

ENERGY EFFICIENT DAYLIGHT SOLUTIONS, TRENDS AND CHANCES by Wilfried Pohl

Giulio Camiz 500X500

"Rethink Daylight" by Giulio Camiz

Steve Fotios On Daylight Education
Daylight Education

Steve Fotios on Daylight Education

Daylight 2007 Christianvogt

SONDERSCHULE SCHWECHAT – DAYLIGHT EVALUATION by Christian Vogt

Didier Mignery 500X500

"Transforming Cities" by Didier Mignery

Claire Kimball Johnson And Lærke Hein On Affordability
Affordability

Claire Kimball Johnson and Lærke Hein on Affordability

Natalie Mossin On Daylight Education
Daylight Education

Natalie Mossin on Daylight Education

Rick Joy On Daylight In Architecture (America)
Daylight in Architecture

Rick Joy on Daylight in Architecture (America)

Eleonora

READING THE WEATHER

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Christoph Reinhart at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

KS 03 640

ARCHITECTURE FOR WELL-BEING AND HEALTH

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"Visual Delight - The Importance of Views in the Workplace" by Lisa Heschong

Nadim Stub, Anita Derjanez And Frederik Noltenius On Health (New)
Health

Nadim Stub, Anita Derjanez and Frederik Noltenius on Health

Tds Header MAL

KEY LEARNINGS ABOUT DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE IN A DEMONSTRATION BUILDING AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES

Screenshot 20221116 145551

"Environmental Surfing for Health, Productivity and a Resilient Future" by Vivian Loftness

Sabine Pauquay On Health Pecha Kucha
Pecha KuchaHealth

Sabine Pauquay on Health | Pecha Kucha

Daylight 2011 Perarnoldandersen

WELCOME TO THE 4TH SYMPOSIUM by Per Arnold Andersen

Screenshot 20221116 140851

"A comparative gaze responsive comfort evaluation" by Mandana Sarey Khanie

EPFL

THE DYNAMICS OF SHADOW: ARCHITECTURE OF NATURAL LIGHT IN EXTREME LATITUDES

Daylight 2011 Sylviahubalek

OFFICE WORKERS’ DAILY EXPOSURE TO LIGHT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SLEEP QUALITY AND MOOD by Sylvia Hubalek

Daylight 2009 Johnmardaljevic

CLIMATE-BASED DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS by John Mardaljevic

Carlo Lukassen 01 640

INSPIRING STORY TELLERS AND EXPLORERS CONNECT OUR WORLD

Mandana Sarey Khanie, Francisca Rodriguez, Ayesha Batool And Femke Beute On Contact To The Outdoor (New)
Contact to the Outdoors

Mandana Sarey Khanie, Francisca Rodriguez, Ayesha Batool and Femke Beute on Contact to the Outdoors

Screenshot 20221115 161605

Paul Bogard at the 6th VELUX Daylight Symposium

Screenshot 20221116 154543

"On-site measurement of daylight autonomy : tools and methodology" by T. Severin-Fabiani, Y. Sutter

Thekla Ehling FA 6401

D/A – DESIGN WITH SUNLIGHT FIRST

Ibbotson Family 500X500

"Just Like Living Outside" by Family Ibbotson Testimonial

FRANZF~1.MP4.01 01 18 33.Still001
Computational Design

Nicolaj Hostrup Langkjær and Love Berger-Vieweg on Computational Design

Tina Mayn, Velux Innovation (1080P).00 36 42 08.Still005
Health

Lidia Morawska on Health

Screenshot 20221116 152716

"Is Daylight Glare Perceived Differently by People from Different Cultures?" by Clotilde Pierson